This paper describes the methodology for system description and application so that the system can be managed using real time system adaptation. The term system here can represent any structure regardless its size or complexity (industrial robots, mobile robot navigation, stock market, systems of production, control systems, etc.). The methodology describes the whole development process from system requirements to software tool that will be able to execute a specific system adaptation. In this work, we propose approaches relying on machine learning methods (Bishop, 2006), which would enable to characterize key patterns and detect them in real time and in their altered form as well. Then, based on the pattern recognized, it is possible to apply a suitable intervention…
Medical robotics is an exciting and relatively new field. Robotics plays an important role in medical engineering. Medical robots were initially used in the 1980s, in the field of urology. Robotic arms were developed and used for prostate resection. They can also be highly specialized and assist in diagnosing and treating patients. While there is still much more work to be done, using robots can enhance medical treatments in terms of both the quality and accessibility of care. Using robots can help reduce human error and bring highly specialized information to remote areas without requiring physicians’ direct intervention. In radiation therapy, high-energy radiation…
Assistive robots, with which users can interact directly, have attracted worldwide attention. They can assist people with disabilities and older persons in the activities of daily living. Assistive robots could be employed for improving quality of life as they can be adjusted according to demographic changes. There are several crucial issues to be considered with regard to these robots, such as customizing them according to the specific culture of the users as well as ensuring cost-effectiveness (Mann, 2005). In Korea, the official number of registered people with disabilities due to illnesses, injuries, and the natural aging process has already exceeded two million (Employment Development Institute, 2009). More than one-third of these disabled people are the elderly. Moreover, due to longer life spans and a decline in birthrate, the elderly make up over 10% of the population in Korea. As a result, effective caregiving with restricted resources is an urgent problem. In order to achieve efficient caregiving for people with disabilities and elderly persons, caregivers should physically interact with the people. For example, caregivers have to assist people in performing the routine activities of their daily lives, such as eating, changing…
Target point manipulation inside a deformable object by a robotic system is necessary in many medical and industrial applications such as breast biopsy, drug injection, suturing, precise machining of deformable objects etc. However, this is a challenging problem because of the difficulty of imposing the motion of the internal target point by a finite number of actuation points located at the boundary of the deformable object. In addition, there exist several other important manipulative operations that deal with deformable objects such as whole body manipulation [1], shape changing [2], biomanipulation [3] and tumor manipulation [4] that have practical applications. The main focus of this chapter is the target point manipulation inside a deformable object. For instance, a positioning operation called linking in the manufacturing of seamless garments [5] requires manipulation of internal points of deformable objects. Mating of a flexible part in electric industry also results in the…
The trend in surgical robots is moving from traditional master-slave robots to miniaturized devices for screening and simple surgical operations (Cuschieri, A. 2005). For example, capsule endoscopy (Moglia, A. 2007) has been conducted worldwide over the last five years with successful outcomes. To enhance the dexterity of commercial endoscopic capsules, capsule locomotion has been investigated using legged capsules (Quirini, M. 2008) and capsules driven by external magnetic fields (Sendoh, M. 2003; Ciuti, G. 2010; Carpi, F. 2009). Endoscopic capsules with miniaturized arms have also been studied to determine their potential for use in biopsy (Park, S.-K. 2008). Furthermore, new surgical procedures known as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and Single Port Access surgery are accelerating the development of innovative endoscopic devices (Giday, S. 2006; Bardaro, S.J. 2006). These advanced surgical devices show potential for the future…
Interpretation of human gestures by a computer is used for human-machine interaction in the area of computer vision [3][28]. The main purpose of gesture recognition research is to identify a particular human gesture and convey information to the user pertaining to individual gesture. From the corpus of gestures, specific gesture of interest can be identified[30][36], and on the basis of that, specific command for execution of action can be given to robotic system[31]. Overall aim is to make the computer understand human body language [14], thereby bridging the gap between machine and human. Hand gesture recognition can be used to enhance human–computer interaction…
The ability to efficiently move in a complex environment is a key property of animals. It is central to their survival, i.e. to avoid predators, to look for food, and to find mates for reproduction (Ijspeert, 2008). Nature has found different solutions for the problem of legged locomotion. For example, the vertebrate animals have a spinal column and one or two pairs of limbs that are used for walking. Arthropoda animals are characterized by a segmented body that is covered by a jointed external skeleton (exoskeleton), with paired jointed limbs on each segment and they can have a high number of limbs (Carbone & Ceccarelli,2005). The biological mechanisms underlaying locomotion have therefore been extensively studied by neurobiologists, and in recent years there has been an increase in the use of computer simulations for testing and investigating models of locomotor circuits based on neurobiological observations (Ijspeert, 2001). However, the mechanisms generating the complex motion patterns performed by animals are still not well understood (Manoonpong,2007). Animal locomotion, for instance, requires multi-dimensional coordinated rhythmic patterns that need to be correctly tuned so as to satisfy multiple constraints: the capacity to generate forward motion, with low energy, without falling over, while adapting to possibly complex terrain (uneven ground, obstacles), and while allowing the modulation of speed and direction (Ijspeert & Crespi, 2007). In vertebrate animals, an essential building block of the locomotion controller is the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) located in the spinal cord. The CPG is a neural circuit capable of producing coordinated patterns of rhythmic activity in open loop, i.e. without any rhythmic inputs from sensory feedback or from higher control centers (Delcomyn, 1980; Grillner, 1985). Interestingly, very simple input signals are sufficient to modulate the produced patterns. Furthermore, CPG can adapt to various environments by changing the periodic rhythmic patterns. For instance, the cats and horses are able to change their locomotor patterns depending on the situation. This relevance of locomotion both for biology and for robotics has led to multiple interesting interactions between the two fields. The interactions have mainly been in…